GENE CHROMOSOMES

CHROMOSOMES
is the yarn structure in the cell nucleus which is responsible in terms of offspring (heredity). Chromosomes are typical for living things.

GEN is the "substance of heredity," located in the chromosome.

Genes are among others:
- As a separate matter contained in the chromosome.
- Contains information on genetics.
- Able to replicate themselves in the events of cell division.

A pair of chromosomes is "homologous" to each other, meaning that the locus containing the corresponding genes, called ALELA.

Locus is the location for the gene in the chromosome.
Allele DOUBLE (MULTIPLE ALLELES) is that there is more than one allele at the same loci.



Known two kinds of chromosomes, namely:

1. Body chromosomes (autosomes).
2. Sex chromosomes / chromosomal sex (Gonosom).

Thomas Hunt Morgan
is a United States geneticist who discovered that the descendants of factors (genes) are stored in a unique locus in the chromosome.

Attempt to have this done on fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) with the following reasons:

- Quickly multiply,
- Easily obtained and maintained,
- Quickly become adults (age 10-14 days was de ~ adult),
- Flies many females lay eggs,
- Only has four pairs of chromosomes, making it easy examined.

Impact of Results The use of Genetic Engineering?

Impact of Results The use of Genetic Engineering?


* Mangku Sitepoe

Dolly the sheep was born on July 5, 1996 announced on February 23, 1997 by the journal Nature. On January 4, 2002 in front of the reporters stated that sheep develop arthritis in the left rear leg near the hip and knee or suffering from arthritis. (Kompas, 5/1/02) birth of Dolly the sheep thanks to technological advances of genetic engineering is called cloning by graft genes from the udder cell into an ovum sheep milk (sheep egg cell) from the parent itself.

Eggs that have been transplanted in the womb nurtured the sheep, after a period pregnancy achieved the birth of the sheep named Dolly. So the sheep Dolly was born without the presence of the male sheep, as if like a piece of cassava sticks planted in the soil that would grow is called grafting. Since the birth of the sheep Dolly grow and develop in a healthy state, but after nearly six years began to emerge arthritis described in the presence of journalists.

Becomes the question: Why did the sheep Dolly was suffering from arthritis just announced to the entire face of the Earth?

***

Produced Dolly the sheep from the results of the gene or gene transplants that one transferred to another gene. Displacement associated genes. Type of disease found by B. Prusiner SB, 1986 is classified as a prion disease; in sheep called scrapie disease in 1787, can be transmitted to cattle-called mad cow disease in 1986. Mad cow disease can be transmitted to human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease new variant (nv CJD) in 1996. While traditional CJD found in the year 1922.

There is one more type of disease in humans called kuru disease is also caused by prions, in 1957. Prion disease, also called "interference of the gene", can be triggered if the cannibalism.

Concerns prion disease gene or disease after 200 years and then became a reality, That from 1787 to 1986. So too it is with worry arthritis suffered by the sheep Dolly, six years after emerging. The incubation period of disease scrapie in sheep 1.5 to four years, mad cow disease four to eight years, and the disease kuru in humans eight to 20 years. Does arthritis found in the sheep Dolly, after six years is also a disease of genes or arise from the use of genetic engineering?

This question comes after the experience of the prion diseases like mad cow disease in the UK put forward by B. Prusiner SB in 1986.

Concerns arthritis Dolly the sheep is caused by the use of genetic engineering also supported by some results of animal experiments:

Experiment Guff BL (1985), the use of human growth genes to the embryo, is expected to appear good condition it comes to blind, immunosupresif, arthritis, indigestion, and others.
Similarly, research Arfad Putzai (1998) using the raw transgenic potatoes was given to mice given indigestion symptoms, immunosuppressive, stunt, and the presence of arthritis.
Does arthritis in sheep Dolly, after six years of his birth caused by the use of genetic engineering? still doubt the truth. Although the experiment Arfad Putzai opposed by many experts around the world about the accuracy of the study, but British Prime Minister stated that review of the terms of use biotechnology products in the UK. The second experiment is the fact that the negative impact caused by the use of GMOs.

The only health problems as a negative impact or actual use of the results of genetic engineering (GMO), in humans who have proven is that allergic reactions. But, well known that the gene causing allergic reactions throughout the instant genes and gene products withdrawn from circulation, so to say so far not been found again the negative impact caused health problems in the use of GMOs in humans.

As stated by Wallase, 2000, that no one on this earth wants to be an animal experiment on the use of GMO products. As for animals and some animal experiments have also found in the field such as the use of GMOs in crops used as feed material subject butterfly larvae cause indigestion king, became finally midget butterfly larvae died.
The findings in the field of death cases butterfly larvae that ate the feed material GMO products and research results provide Arfad Putzai concerns about the provision of genetic engineering to animals and humans in the raw state. Other real forms of the use of genetic engineering that has been found is that environmental disturbance of seed plants that use genetic engineering to produce pesticides. After the adult plant pest-resistant transgenic plants to die and fall to the ground. Bacteria and other micro-organism found in the soil has experienced the death of plants. Reality on the ground that the results will transgenic deadly micro-organism in the soil so that in the long run will give feared disruption of soil structure and texture. It is feared that the crop area transgenetik after many years will bring the desert. In reality the nature of the so-called GMO cross-pollination. Transgenic plant genes can be to cross-pollination with other plants, resulting in the emergence of new plants that can resistant genes resistant to pest and disease. Cross-polination can occur at a distance of 600 meters to one kilometer from the area of transgenic crops. So for transgenic crop area narrow and bordered by weeds is feared to rise the new weed that is also resistant to certain crop pests.
Use of hormones derived bovinesomatotropine result of genetic engineering can increase milk production reaches 40 percent of production is usually; as well as porcine somatotropin can increase the production of pork 25 percent of daily gain ever.
However, these two will produce a byproduct of insulin growth factor I (IGF-I) are often found in the blood and in the flesh, liver, and in the milk. Eating IGF I will give concern the risk of diabetes, AIDS and diseases resistant to antibiotics in humans, while the cow will give the risk of mad cow disease and inflammatory diseases mammary gland (mastitis).

Concerns the emergence of a negative impact on the economic use of GMO seeds are produced by genetic engineering is even called the stock final with seed making suicide fears of a monopoly. Efficiency concerns the use of GMOs, for example, in Mexico use the bovinesomatothropine cow milk production increased 25 percent but increased use of feed that the absence of efficiency.
Similarly, concerns planting Bt cotton in South Sulawesi Province to increase production three times, but when the subsidies are withdrawn suppliers remain efficient? Fears of the demise of commodities compete when canola oil is produced by genetic engineering could increase oil production a hundred times it will become extinct planting oil-producing crops such as coconut and palm oil.
Similarly, genetic engineering technology have been produced with varying degrees of sugar sweetness of the sugar thousand times normally, then the destruction of dikekhawatirkan sugar producing plants.
Concerns the emergence of a negative impact on the social use of GMOs is religion, for Muslims the use of gene transplanted into the food product will cause concern for the Muslims. The use of animal genes in food genetically engineered to consume a concern for those who are vegetarians.
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Ajinomoto case in Indonesia in early 2001, Ajinomoto flavor pigs suspected of using the elements in the process creating one of the enzyme. The making of this enzyme can use genetic engineering using genes. All products that allegedly Ajinomoto using pig element in the process of making enzyme withdrawn from circulation.

The whole human cloning is a concern of humanity that will destroy human values. Animal genes were crossed with human genes will provide derivatives as animals, which is clearly lower values of humanity.

Concerns the emergence of the negative impact of the use of GMOs in Indonesia, Indonesia has imported various commodities are expected as a result of genetic engineering or contaminated with GMOs, came from countries that have used genetic engineering technology. Starting from plants, food and feed, medicines, hormones, flowers, timber, plantation, livestock and others suspected to contain GMOs or GMO contamination.
Habits will encourage the emergence of fears of negative impact of the use of genetic engineering
Disturbance to the environment
Planting patterns of agricultural products in Indonesia, a small area surrounded by a variety of weeds, with the nature of cross-GMO polination it is feared a new weeds will appear more resistant.
Without burning the rest of GMO crops would destroy the soil micro-organism in the former planting GMO crops due to the nature of the rest of nature toksis GMO. Long term will change the structure and texture of the soil.
The nature of GMO crops that can kill the larvae of butterflies, will give concern butterfly extinction in South Sulawesi. As we all know the famous South Sulawesi with the butterfly.

Disruption of health.
The only health problems due to the use of genetic engineering is already allergic reactions can be proved. The habit of eating meat, in Indonesia, has its own peculiarities in meat consumption patterns, there is no cow body parts that are not consumed. When cows injected with bovinesomatotropin, resulted in increased levels of IGF-I is very high in the blood and liver. For areas that use blood as food as well as taking the heart (the heart of Indonesia to import five million pounds from countries that use GMOs) provides concerns the emergence of the negative impact the use of GMOs.
Indonesia's consumption habits Lalapan, ranging from cabbage, long beans, eggplant, basil, and so if derived from transgenic plants led to the feared negative effects such as butterfly larvae.
Habits in Indonesia using the raw bean sprouts, soybeans may be used that allegedly imported transgenic soybean, it is feared the emergence of negative impacts such as Arfad Putzai experiment.
Habits of cattle feed, the weeds, the remains of agricultural products when derived from transgenic plantation area may have contained GM will provide such worries Arfad Putzai experiment.

Indonesia dominated animal feed imported materials, both soybean and corn bungkil come from countries suspected of using GMOs that contain GMO ingredients. Kuntet chicken disease has been found in Indonesia, is feared because of the use of transgenic corn and soybeans as Arfad Putzai experiment.

Disruption of religion and ethics.

The use of drugs produced insulin from pig pancreas cell transplants into bacterial cells, as well xenotransplatation using transplanted pig heart valves into human heart to fear their Muslim.
Indonesia has imported two million tons of soybeans and 1.2 million tons of corn and many other commodities in 2000 are suspected to contain GMOs, so that Indonesia has certainly been taking the results of genetic engineering. However, until now has never reported any negative effects from the use of GMOs. Never mind the negative impact of detecting the use of GMOs, to detect whether the imported commodities containing GMOs have not been done in Indonesia. That's why we ventured to put forward allegations concern the emergence of the negative impact the use of genetically engineered products in Indonesia
Dr. drh Mangku Sitepoe Former Staff Director General of Livestock Feed Concentrates Section

Note: Problem death of Dolly, the sheep was born as a genetic engineering interesting. Obtained from other sources also informed that the age dolly was born, the same as actual age of the cell. So, even though new born, he's really old. Genetic engineering is also interesting, that the system information from within a single cell is holographic. It means providing information to the overall from being whole. A piece of leaf cells, providing complete information about the tree itself. These facts are interesting knowledge.

This Five Facts Concerning The Human Body

The human body was created by God with all the advantages. A recent study in Brisbane, Australia, shows there are five facts about the human body. These facts may not yet well known. These five facts are:

1. The Human Body Can Produce Aspirin

Eat fruits and vegetables can make the human body to produce aspirin. This fact was discovered through a journal of food and vegetables. In fruits are benzoic acid, a natural substance that can produce salicylic acid which acts as immunity and painkiller.

2. Sleep Day At Work Good for the Body

Take a nap for 20 minutes can double the brain, improving mood, and creativity. William Anthony, an author of the book, The Art of napping at Work, says napping can help work your heart and refresh tired minds at work.


3. Ejaculation Can Make Men Sneeze

Some events such as headache or sneezing is the result of ejaculation. Thus any activity that increases with anxiety can spur the emergence of a headache. Sneezing is also influenced by the workings of the brain that are not stable. All the outdoor activities are also potentially create a human virus.

4. Everybody Has a Unique Tongue Prints

Like fingers, the tongue is a unique organ. The tongue can be changed when the mouth is moved. However, every human being has a unique tongue print. The tongue also indicates a satisfying and tastes.

5. Body Higher Than in the Morning Day Evening

The size of the human body can be changed but not stable. If you exercise, like playing basketball in the morning, then the height can be increased even in a moment. And at night, keep your height in normal circumstances.

Believe it or not? Can you prove yourself.

Natural cruelty unspeakable

From "London Telegraph"

February 13, 2002

Millions of butterflies killed by a strange storm
by Ronald Buchanan, Mexico City


Scientists yesterday reported that hundreds of millions of monarch butterflies have died in a bizarre snowstorm in the mountains of Mexico, where these butterflies stay here every winter, after flying as far as 3000 miles (4800 km).
The U.S. and Mexican researchers estimate that as many as 270 million butterflies tails helpless polluted soil, after a storm last month in the pine forest, west of Mexico City.
"I've never seen anything like this," he said. Lincoln Brower, an American zoologist who has been monitoring this migration for 25 years.
Annual flight of this butterfly from the east, the direction Canada is far away, has been regarded as one of the great migrations in the animal world.
They descended into the forest in the form of large orange cloud every November.
Since their arrival coincided with the Feast of the Dead in Mexico, so many villagers who believed that these butterflies represent the spirits of their ancestors.

Dog Genetics

A dog who has a genetic disorder that is very rare, so rare it sampai2 discussed in the New York Times. Because of a genetic disorder that was the dog became rich Incredible Hulk. Weighs 27 pounds, this dog has great muscles. Never mind the six-pack, he has a 24-pack stomach!



We have these dogs become part of the genetic studies in the United States, to study the mutations in the myostatin gene dogs whippet (a type of greyhounds from England, bred for racing dogs). The modified gene can produce offspring more muscular reply that could run fast to 60 kmph.

In fact, this dog had feared ga segalak by orang2, he was pleased caressed, and ga malu2 to sit on your lap and ask dipunggungnya caressed. Unfortunately these dogs may live longer because ga weight twice like dogs, but with the size of the head, lungs and heart are the same, organ2 body must work 2-fold